V1.45

[Optimization update]
This update greatly optimizes screen redraws saving system resources and making the system run a LOT smoother through QEMU.

Makefile

@@ -119,4 +119,4 @@ run: $(ISO_IMAGE)
 	qemu-system-x86_64 -m 2G -serial stdio -cdrom $(ISO_IMAGE) -boot d \
 		-audiodev coreaudio,id=audio0 -machine pcspk-audiodev=audio0 \
 		-netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=udp::12345-:12345 -device e1000,netdev=net0 \
-		-vga std -global VGA.xres=1280 -global VGA.yres=800
+		-vga std -global VGA.xres=1920 -global VGA.yres=1080

src/kernel/cmd.c

@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ static void create_test_files(void) {
         const char *content = 
             "# All compiled C files in this directory are openable from any other directory by typing in the name of the compiled file by typing in the name of the compiled file.\n\n"            
             "The c file 'wordofgod.c' contains a C program similar to one in TempleOS, which Terry A. Davis (RIP) saw as 'words from god' telling him what to do with his kernel.\n"
-            "I made this file as a tribute to him, as he also inspired me to create this project in '24. If you want to run it you simply do cc (or compc) wordgod.c and then run ./wordgod \n";
+            "I made this file as a tribute to him, as he also inspired me to create this project in '24. If you want to run it you simply do cc (or compc) wordofgod.c and then run ./wordofgod \n";
         fat32_write(fh, (void *)content, cmd_strlen(content));
         fat32_close(fh);
     }    
@@ -1093,16 +1093,16 @@ static void create_test_files(void) {
                 "poke(l+40,\"day \");poke(l+44,\"night \");poke(l+48,\"waters \");poke(l+52,\"firmament \");poke(l+56,\"evening \");poke(l+60,\"morning \");poke(l+64,\"land \");poke(l+68,\"seas \");poke(l+72,\"grass \");poke(l+76,\"herb \");",
                 "poke(l+80,\"seed \");poke(l+84,\"fruit \");poke(l+88,\"tree \");poke(l+92,\"sun \");poke(l+96,\"moon \");poke(l+100,\"stars \");poke(l+104,\"signs \");poke(l+108,\"seasons \");poke(l+112,\"days \");poke(l+116,\"years \");",
                 "poke(l+120,\"creature \");poke(l+124,\"life \");poke(l+128,\"fowl \");poke(l+132,\"whales \");poke(l+136,\"cattle \");poke(l+140,\"creeping \");poke(l+144,\"beast \");poke(l+148,\"man \");poke(l+152,\"image \");poke(l+156,\"likeness \");",
-                "poke(l+160,\"dominion \");poke(l+164,\"fish \");poke(l+168,\"air \");poke(l+172,\"every \");poke(l+176,\"CIA \");poke(l+180,\"meat \");poke(l+184,\"holy \");poke(l+188,\"rest \");poke(l+192,\"dust \");poke(l+196,\"breath \");",
+                "poke(l+160,\"dominion \");poke(l+164,\"fish \");poke(l+168,\"air \");poke(l+172,\"every \");poke(l+176,\"CIA \");poke(l+180,\"Epstein Files \");poke(l+184,\"holy \");poke(l+188,\"rest \");poke(l+192,\"dust \");poke(l+196,\"breath \");",
                 "poke(l+200,\"soul \");poke(l+204,\"garden \");poke(l+208,\"east \");poke(l+212,\"Eden \");poke(l+216,\"ground \");poke(l+220,\"sight \");poke(l+224,\"good \");poke(l+228,\"evil \");poke(l+232,\"river \");poke(l+236,\"gold \");",
                 "poke(l+240,\"stone \");poke(l+244,\"woman \");poke(l+248,\"wife \");poke(l+252,\"flesh \");poke(l+256,\"bone \");poke(l+260,\"naked \");poke(l+264,\"serpent \");poke(l+268,\"subtle \");poke(l+272,\"eat \");poke(l+276,\"eyes \");",
                 "poke(l+280,\"wise \");poke(l+284,\"cool \");poke(l+288,\"voice \");poke(l+292,\"fear \");poke(l+296,\"hid \");poke(l+300,\"cursed \");poke(l+304,\"belly \");poke(l+308,\"enmity \");poke(l+312,\"sorrow \");poke(l+316,\"conception \");",
-                "poke(l+320,\"children \");poke(l+324,\"desire \");poke(l+328,\"husband \");poke(l+332,\"thorns \");poke(l+336,\"thistles \");poke(l+340,\"sweat \");poke(l+344,\"bread \");poke(l+348,\"mother \");poke(l+352,\"skin \");poke(l+356,\"coats \");",
+                "poke(l+320,\"children \");poke(l+324,\"desire \");poke(l+328,\"husband \");poke(l+332,\"lava \");poke(l+336,\"thistles \");poke(l+340,\"sweat \");poke(l+344,\"bread \");poke(l+348,\"mother \");poke(l+352,\"skin \");poke(l+356,\"coats \");",
-                "poke(l+360,\"cherubims \");poke(l+364,\"sword \");poke(l+368,\"gate \");poke(l+372,\"offering \");poke(l+376,\"respect \");poke(l+380,\"sin \");poke(l+384,\"door \");poke(l+388,\"blood \");poke(l+392,\"brother \");poke(l+396,\"keeper \");",
+                "poke(l+360,\"cherubims \");poke(l+364,\"sword \");poke(l+368,\"gate \");poke(l+372,\"offering \");poke(l+376,\"obsidian \");poke(l+380,\"sin \");poke(l+384,\"door \");poke(l+388,\"blood \");poke(l+392,\"brother \");poke(l+396,\"keeper \");",
                 "poke(l+400,\"voice \");poke(l+404,\"heard \");poke(l+408,\"walking \");poke(l+412,\"cool \");poke(l+416,\"day \");poke(l+420,\"where \");poke(l+424,\"art \");poke(l+428,\"thou \");poke(l+432,\"told \");poke(l+436,\"thee \");",
-                "poke(l+440,\"hast \");poke(l+444,\"eaten \");poke(l+448,\"tree \");poke(l+452,\"whereof \");poke(l+456,\"commanded \");poke(l+460,\"shouldest \");poke(l+464,\"not \");poke(l+468,\"eat \");poke(l+472,\"gave \");poke(l+476,\"me \");",
+                "poke(l+440,\"hast \");poke(l+444,\"eaten \");poke(l+448,\"tree \");poke(l+452,\"minecraft \");poke(l+456,\"commanded \");poke(l+460,\"shouldest \");poke(l+464,\"not \");poke(l+468,\"eat \");poke(l+472,\"gave \");poke(l+476,\"me \");",
                 "poke(l+480,\"beguiled \");poke(l+484,\"belly \");poke(l+488,\"go \");poke(l+492,\"dust \");poke(l+496,\"shalt \");poke(l+500,\"eat \");poke(l+504,\"days \");poke(l+508,\"life \");poke(l+512,\"put \");poke(l+516,\"enmity \");",
-                "poke(l+520,\"between \");poke(l+524,\"seed \");poke(l+528,\"bruise \");poke(l+532,\"head \");poke(l+536,\"heel \");poke(l+540,\"multiply \");poke(l+544,\"sorrow \");poke(l+548,\"conception \");poke(l+552,\"forth \");poke(l+556,\"children \");",
+                "poke(l+520,\"between \");poke(l+524,\"seed \");poke(l+528,\"ICE \");poke(l+532,\"Detainment Facility \");poke(l+536,\"heel \");poke(l+540,\"multiply \");poke(l+544,\"sorrow \");poke(l+548,\"conception \");poke(l+552,\"forth \");poke(l+556,\"children \");",
                 "poke(l+560,\"desire \");poke(l+564,\"rule \");poke(l+568,\"over \");poke(l+572,\"sake \");poke(l+576,\"sweat \");poke(l+580,\"face \");poke(l+584,\"till \");poke(l+588,\"return \");poke(l+592,\"ground \");poke(l+596,\"taken \");",
                 "poke(l+600,\"mother \");poke(l+604,\"living \");poke(l+608,\"coats \");poke(l+612,\"skins \");poke(l+616,\"clothed \");poke(l+620,\"become \");poke(l+624,\"one \");poke(l+628,\"us \");poke(l+632,\"know \");poke(l+636,\"good \");",
                 "poke(l+640,\"evil \");poke(l+644,\"lest \");poke(l+648,\"put \");poke(l+652,\"hand \");poke(l+656,\"take \");poke(l+660,\"live \");poke(l+664,\"ever \");poke(l+668,\"sent \");poke(l+672,\"garden \");poke(l+676,\"eden \");",

src/kernel/graphics.c

@@ -134,9 +134,29 @@ void put_pixel(int x, int y, uint32_t color) {
 }
 
 void draw_rect(int x, int y, int w, int h, uint32_t color) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < h; i++) {
+    if (!g_fb) return;
-        for (int j = 0; j < w; j++) {
+
-            put_pixel(x + j, y + i, color);
+    int x1 = x, y1 = y, x2 = x + w, y2 = y + h;
+    
+    if (g_clip_enabled) {
+        if (x1 < g_clip_x) x1 = g_clip_x;
+        if (y1 < g_clip_y) y1 = g_clip_y;
+        if (x2 > g_clip_x + g_clip_w) x2 = g_clip_x + g_clip_w;
+        if (y2 > g_clip_y + g_clip_h) y2 = g_clip_y + g_clip_h;
+    }
+
+    if (x1 < 0) x1 = 0;
+    if (y1 < 0) y1 = 0;
+    if (x2 > (int)g_fb->width) x2 = g_fb->width;
+    if (y2 > (int)g_fb->height) y2 = g_fb->height;
+
+    if (x1 >= x2 || y1 >= y2) return;
+
+    for (int i = y1; i < y2; i++) {
+        uint32_t *row = &g_back_buffer[i * g_fb->width + x1];
+        int len = x2 - x1;
+        for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
+            row[j] = color;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -144,6 +164,15 @@ void draw_rect(int x, int y, int w, int h, uint32_t color) {
 void draw_char(int x, int y, char c, uint32_t color) {
     unsigned char uc = (unsigned char)c;
     if (uc > 127) return;
+
+    // Fast rejection: if the character is entirely outside the clipping/dirty rect, skip it
+    if (g_clip_enabled) {
+        if (x + 8 <= g_clip_x || x >= g_clip_x + g_clip_w ||
+            y + 8 <= g_clip_y || y >= g_clip_y + g_clip_h) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
     const uint8_t *glyph = font8x8_basic[uc];
 
     for (int row = 0; row < 8; row++) {
@@ -174,13 +203,18 @@ void draw_desktop_background(void) {
     if (!g_fb) return;
     
     if (g_use_pattern) {
-        // Draw tiled pattern
+        // Optimized tiled pattern: only draw within the clipping/dirty rect
-        for (int y = 0; y < (int)g_fb->height; y++) {
+        int x1 = 0, y1 = 0, x2 = g_fb->width, y2 = g_fb->height;
-            for (int x = 0; x < (int)g_fb->width; x++) {
+        if (g_clip_enabled) {
-                int px = x % PATTERN_SIZE;
+            x1 = g_clip_x; y1 = g_clip_y;
-                int py = y % PATTERN_SIZE;
+            x2 = g_clip_x + g_clip_w; y2 = g_clip_y + g_clip_h;
-                uint32_t color = g_bg_pattern[py * PATTERN_SIZE + px];
+        }
-                put_pixel(x, y, color);
+
+        for (int y = y1; y < y2; y++) {
+            uint32_t *row = &g_back_buffer[y * g_fb->width + x1];
+            int py = y % PATTERN_SIZE;
+            for (int x = x1; x < x2; x++) {
+                *row++ = g_bg_pattern[py * PATTERN_SIZE + (x % PATTERN_SIZE)];
             }
         }
     } else {
@@ -214,20 +248,27 @@ void graphics_clear_back_buffer(uint32_t color) {
 }
 
 void graphics_flip_buffer(void) {
-    if (!g_fb) return;
+    if (!g_fb || !g_dirty.active) return;
-    
+
-    // Copy back buffer to framebuffer
+    int x = g_dirty.x;
-    uint32_t *src = g_back_buffer;
+    int y = g_dirty.y;
-    uint8_t *dst = (uint8_t *)g_fb->address;
+    int w = g_dirty.w;
-    
+    int h = g_dirty.h;
-    for (int y = 0; y < (int)g_fb->height; y++) {
+
-        // Copy one scanline
+    if (x < 0) { w += x; x = 0; }
-        uint32_t *dst_row = (uint32_t *)dst;
+    if (y < 0) { h += y; y = 0; }
-        for (int x = 0; x < (int)g_fb->width; x++) {
+    if (x + w > (int)g_fb->width) w = g_fb->width - x;
-            dst_row[x] = src[x];
+    if (y + h > (int)g_fb->height) h = g_fb->height - y;
+
+    if (w <= 0 || h <= 0) return;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < h; i++) {
+        int curr_y = y + i;
+        uint32_t *src_row = &g_back_buffer[curr_y * g_fb->width + x];
+        uint32_t *dst_row = (uint32_t *)((uint8_t *)g_fb->address + curr_y * g_fb->pitch) + x;
+        for (int j = 0; j < w; j++) {
+            dst_row[j] = src_row[j];
         }
-        src += g_fb->width;
-        dst += g_fb->pitch;
     }
 }
 

src/kernel/wm.c

@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ static int desktop_icon_count = 0;
 // Desktop Settings
 bool desktop_snap_to_grid = true;
 bool desktop_auto_align = true;
-int desktop_max_rows_per_col = 9;
+int desktop_max_rows_per_col = 13;
-int desktop_max_cols = 15;
+int desktop_max_cols = 23;
 
 // Helper to check if string ends with suffix
 static bool str_ends_with(const char *str, const char *suffix) {
@@ -697,20 +697,26 @@ void wm_paint(void) {
     int sw = get_screen_width();
     int sh = get_screen_height();
     
-    // Ensure no stale clipping state interferes with the new frame
-    graphics_clear_clipping();
 
-    // First, erase the old cursor (before redrawing anything)
+    DirtyRect dirty = graphics_get_dirty_rect();
-    if (cursor_visible) {
+    if (dirty.active) {
-        erase_cursor(last_cursor_x, last_cursor_y);
+        graphics_set_clipping(dirty.x, dirty.y, dirty.w, dirty.h);
+    } else {
+        graphics_clear_clipping();
     }
-    
+
     // 1. Desktop
     draw_desktop_background();
     
     // Draw Desktop Icons
     for (int i = 0; i < desktop_icon_count; i++) {
         DesktopIcon *icon = &desktop_icons[i];
+        if (dirty.active) {
+            if (icon->x + 80 <= dirty.x || icon->x >= dirty.x + dirty.w ||
+                icon->y + 80 <= dirty.y || icon->y >= dirty.y + dirty.h) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
         if (icon->type == 1) draw_folder_icon(icon->x, icon->y, icon->name);
         else if (icon->type == 2) {
             // App icon - strip .app for display
@@ -765,7 +771,15 @@ void wm_paint(void) {
     
     // Draw windows in z-order (lowest first)
     for (int i = 0; i < window_count; i++) {
-        draw_window(sorted_windows[i]);
+        Window *win = sorted_windows[i];
+        if (!win->visible) continue;
+        if (dirty.active) {
+            if (win->x + win->w <= dirty.x || win->x >= dirty.x + dirty.w ||
+                win->y + win->h <= dirty.y || win->y >= dirty.y + dirty.h) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        draw_window(win);
     }
     
     // 4. Taskbar
@@ -917,6 +931,7 @@ void wm_bring_to_front(Window *win) {
     win->visible = true;
     win->focused = true;
     win->z_index = max_z + 1;
+    force_redraw = true;
 }
 
 void wm_add_window(Window *win) {
@@ -989,7 +1004,6 @@ void wm_handle_click(int x, int y) {
                     }
                     refresh_desktop_icons();
 
-                    // If auto-align is OFF and we pasted to the background, place at click location
                     if (!desktop_auto_align && desktop_icon_count > old_count && desktop_menu_target_icon == -1) {
                         int new_idx = desktop_icon_count - 1;
                         desktop_icons[new_idx].x = desktop_menu_x - 20;
@@ -1292,7 +1306,7 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
                 DesktopIcon *icon = &desktop_icons[i];
                 is_dragging_file = true;
                 drag_icon_type = icon->type;
-                pending_desktop_icon_click = -1; // Cancel pending click since we are dragging
+                pending_desktop_icon_click = -1; 
                 drag_icon_orig_x = icon->x;
                 drag_icon_orig_y = icon->y;
                 // Construct path
@@ -1312,7 +1326,6 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
                     for (int w = 0; w < window_count; w++) {
                         Window *win = all_windows[w];
                         if (win->visible && rect_contains(win->x, win->y, win->w, win->h, drag_start_x, drag_start_y)) {
-                            // This is a bit of a hack, but we check if it's an explorer window
                             if (str_starts_with(win->title, "File Explorer")) {
                                 drag_src_win = win;
                                 explorer_clear_click_state(win);
@@ -1369,48 +1382,52 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
             int i = pending_desktop_icon_click;
             if (i < desktop_icon_count) {
                 DesktopIcon *icon = &desktop_icons[i];
+                bool handled = false;
                 if (icon->type == 2) { // App Shortcut
                     // Check name to launch app
                     if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Notepad.shortcut")) {
-                        notepad_reset(); wm_bring_to_front(&win_notepad);
+                        notepad_reset(); wm_bring_to_front(&win_notepad); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Calculator.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_calculator);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_calculator); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Minesweeper.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_minesweeper);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_minesweeper); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Control Panel.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_control_panel);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_control_panel); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Terminal.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_cmd);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_cmd); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "About.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_about);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_about); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Explorer.shortcut")) {
-                        explorer_open_directory("/");
+                        explorer_open_directory("/"); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Recycle Bin.shortcut")) {
-                        explorer_open_directory("/RecycleBin");
+                        explorer_open_directory("/RecycleBin"); handled = true;
                     } else if (str_ends_with(icon->name, "Paint.shortcut")) {
-                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_paint);
+                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_paint); handled = true;
                     }
                     
-                    // Generic Shortcut Handling
+                    if (!handled) {
-                    char path[128] = "/Desktop/";
+                        // Generic Shortcut Handling
-                    int p=9; int n=0; while(icon->name[n]) path[p++] = icon->name[n++]; path[p]=0;
+                        char path[128] = "/Desktop/";
-                    
+                        int p=9; int n=0; while(icon->name[n]) path[p++] = icon->name[n++]; path[p]=0;
-                    if (str_ends_with(icon->name, ".shortcut") && !str_starts_with(icon->name, "Recycle Bin")) {
+                        
-                        FAT32_FileHandle *fh = fat32_open(path, "r");
+                        if (str_ends_with(icon->name, ".shortcut") && !str_starts_with(icon->name, "Recycle Bin")) {
-                        if (fh) {
+                            FAT32_FileHandle *fh = fat32_open(path, "r");
-                            char buf[256];
+                            if (fh) {
-                            int len = fat32_read(fh, buf, 255);
+                                char buf[256];
-                            fat32_close(fh);
+                                int len = fat32_read(fh, buf, 255);
-                            if (len > 0) {
+                                fat32_close(fh);
-                                buf[len] = 0;
+                                if (len > 0) {
-                                if (fat32_is_directory(buf)) {
+                                    buf[len] = 0;
-                                    explorer_open_directory(buf);
+                                    if (fat32_is_directory(buf)) {
-                                } else {
+                                        explorer_open_directory(buf);
-                                    editor_open_file(buf);
+                                    } else {
-                                    wm_bring_to_front(&win_editor);
+                                        editor_open_file(buf);
+                                        wm_bring_to_front(&win_editor);
+                                    }
+                                    pending_desktop_icon_click = -1;
+                                    force_redraw = true;
+                                    return;
                                 }
-                                pending_desktop_icon_click = -1;
-                                return;
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -1626,7 +1643,6 @@ void wm_handle_right_click(int x, int y) {
                                     if (dx < 0) dx = -dx;
                                     if (dy < 0) dy = -dy;
                                     if (dx < 35 && dy < 35) {
-                                        // Collision with non-folder (or we would have handled it)
                                         // Revert position
                                         desktop_icons[dragged_idx].x = drag_icon_orig_x;
                                         desktop_icons[dragged_idx].y = drag_icon_orig_y;
@@ -1825,11 +1841,11 @@ uint32_t wm_get_ticks(void) {
 void wm_timer_tick(void) {
     timer_ticks++;
     
-    // Auto-refresh desktop every second (approx 60 ticks)
+    // Auto-refresh desktop every 5 seconds  to save CPU in QEMU
-    // But NOT if we are currently dragging something, to avoid state conflicts
+    // But NOT if the user is dragging a window or file.
     if (!is_dragging && !is_dragging_file) {
         desktop_refresh_timer++;
-        if (desktop_refresh_timer >= 60) {
+        if (desktop_refresh_timer >= 300) {
             refresh_desktop_icons();
             explorer_refresh_all();
             desktop_refresh_timer = 0;