getgroups.2: Clarify, mention ascending order, add SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

Clarify and be more precise about the behavior of getgroups(2), in
particular with respect to 'gidsetlen'.

Prefer a terminology referring to POSIX terms, i.e., use "supplementary
groups" instead of "group access list".

Say that getgroups(2) reports the supplementary groups in strictly
ascending order and returns the cardinal of the set they form (and
mention this has been the case since FreeBSD 14.3).

Add a new SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS section contrasting the new behavior
after commit 9da2fe96ff ("kern: fix setgroups(2) and getgroups(2) to
match other platforms") with the historical one.

While here, fix some style.

Note for MFC to stable/14: The content will have to be revised as the
new behavior is not in place.  The latter should be mentioned as
upcoming in 15.

Reviewed by:    gbe (older version)
MFC after:      5 days
Sponsored by:   The FreeBSD Foundation
Differential Revision:  https://reviews.freebsd.org/D52286

lib/libsys/getgroups.2

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
+.\"-
+.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+.\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
 .\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\" Copyright (c) 2025 The FreeBSD Foundation
+.\"
+.\" Portions of this documentation were written by Olivier Certner
+.\" <olce@FreeBSD.org> at Kumacom SARL under sponsorship from the FreeBSD
+.\" Foundation.
 .\"
 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
@@ -25,12 +33,12 @@
 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 .\" SUCH DAMAGE.
 .\"
-.Dd August 1, 2025
+.Dd September 17, 2025
 .Dt GETGROUPS 2
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm getgroups
-.Nd get group access list
+.Nd get the calling process' supplementary groups
 .Sh LIBRARY
 .Lb libc
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
@@ -40,36 +48,39 @@
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The
 .Fn getgroups
-system call
+system call gets the calling process' supplementary groups and stores them in
-gets the current supplementary groups of the user process and stores it in the
+the
-array
+.Fa gidset
-.Fa gidset .
+array in strictly ascending order.
-The
+The value of
 .Fa gidsetlen
-argument
+indicates the maximum number of entries that may be placed in
-indicates the number of entries that may be placed in
 .Fa gidset .
-The
+.Pp
-.Fn getgroups
-system call
-returns the actual number of groups returned in
-.Fa gidset .
-As many as {NGROUPS_MAX} values may be returned.
 If
 .Fa gidsetlen
 is zero,
 .Fn getgroups
-returns the number of supplementary group IDs associated with
+returns the cardinal of the calling process' supplementary groups set and
-the calling process without modifying the array pointed to by
+ignores argument
 .Fa gidset .
 .Pp
+No more than
+.Dv {NGROUPS_MAX}
+values may ever be returned.
 The value of
 .Dv {NGROUPS_MAX}
 should be obtained using
 .Xr sysconf 3
 to avoid hard-coding it into the executable.
 .Sh RETURN VALUES
-A successful call returns the number of groups in the group set.
+On success, the
+.Fn getgroups
+system call returns the cardinal of the supplementary groups set.
+It always succeeds if argument
+.Fa gidsetlen
+is zero.
+.Pp
 A value of -1 indicates that an error occurred, and the error
 code is stored in the global variable
 .Va errno .
@@ -81,12 +92,12 @@ are:
 .It Bq Er EINVAL
 The argument
 .Fa gidsetlen
-is smaller than the number of groups in the group set.
+is smaller than the number of supplementary groups
+.Pq but not zero .
 .It Bq Er EFAULT
-The argument
+An invalid address was encountered while reading from the
 .Fa gidset
-specifies
+array.
-an invalid address.
 .El
 .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr setgroups 2 ,
@@ -96,16 +107,51 @@ an invalid address.
 The
 .Fn getgroups
 system call conforms to
-.St -p1003.1-2008 .
+.St -p1003.1-2008
+with the additional properties that supplementary groups are reported in
+strictly ascending order and the returned size coincides with the cardinal of
+the set.
 .Sh HISTORY
 The
 .Fn getgroups
 system call appeared in
 .Bx 4.2 .
 .Pp
+Since
+.Fx 14.3 ,
+the
+.Fn getgroups
+system call has treated the supplementary groups as a set, reporting them in
+strictly ascending order and returning the cardinal of the set.
+.Pp
 Before
 .Fx 15.0 ,
 the
 .Fn getgroups
-system call always returned the effective group ID for the process as the first
+system call would additionally return the effective group ID as the first
 element of the array, before the supplementary groups.
+.Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
+The
+.Fn getgroups
+system call gets the supplementary groups set in the
+.Fa gidset
+array.
+In particular, as evoked in
+.Sx HISTORY ,
+it does not anymore retrieve the effective GID in the first slot of
+.Fa gidset .
+Programs should not make any assumption about which group is placed in the first
+slot of
+.Fa gidset
+other than it being the supplementary group with smallest GID.
+.Pp
+The effective GID is present in the supplementary groups set if and only if it
+was explicitly set as a supplementary group.
+The function
+.Fn initgroups
+enforces that, while the
+.Fn setgroups
+system call does not.
+Please consult the
+.Xr initgroups 3
+manual page for the rationale.